@MastersThesis{Lima:2021:InEsCh,
author = "Lima, Isabella Talamoni",
title = "O in{\'{\i}}cio da esta{\c{c}}{\~a}o chuvosa na Am{\'e}rica
do Sul e processos atmosf{\'e}ricos e de superf{\'{\i}}cie
associados",
school = "Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)",
year = "2021",
address = "S{\~a}o Jos{\'e} dos Campos",
month = "2021-02-10",
keywords = "in{\'{\i}}cio da esta{\c{c}}{\~a}o chuvosa, BAM, IBIS,
intera{\c{c}}{\~a}o biosfera-atmosfera, mapa de
vegeta{\c{c}}{\~a}o, rainy season onset, biosphere-atmosphere
interaction, vegetation map.",
abstract = "Este estudo buscou contribuir para o entendimento das
intera{\c{c}}{\~o}es biosferaatmosfera associadas ao
in{\'{\i}}cio da esta{\c{c}}{\~a}o chuvosa na Am{\'e}rica do
Sul (AS). O objetivo foi avaliar como os processos
f{\'{\i}}sicos de superf{\'{\i}}cie s{\~a}o afetados por
varia{\c{c}}{\~o}es na data do in{\'{\i}}cio da
esta{\c{c}}{\~a}o chuvosa na AS, e qual {\'e} a resposta
atmosf{\'e}rica {\`a}s altera{\c{c}}{\~o}es da cobertura
vegetal em anos caracterizados pelo adiantamento, atraso e
normalidade do in{\'{\i}}cio da esta{\c{c}}{\~a}o chuvosa. Os
anos de 2006, 2004 e 2008 foram selecionados como anos
caracterizados pelo in{\'{\i}}cio da esta{\c{c}}{\~a}o chuvosa
adiantado, neutro e atrasado, em rela{\c{c}}{\~a}o {\`a}
m{\'e}dia climatol{\'o}gica, respectivamente. Os padr{\~o}es
atmosf{\'e}ricos verificados nos anos adiantado e atrasado
afetaram as vari{\'a}veis de superf{\'{\i}}cie. No ano
adiantado, a atmosfera estava mais {\'u}mida no centro-leste da
AS, onde mais fluxo de umidade e precipita{\c{c}}{\~a}o foram
observados. Por isso, verificou-se aumento do fluxo de calor
latente (LE) e do {\'{\I}}ndice de {\'A}rea Foliar nesta
{\'a}rea. No ano atrasado, a precipita{\c{c}}{\~a}o foi
favorecida no noroeste da AS, e a Zona de Converg{\^e}ncia do
Atl{\^a}ntico Sul se posicionou mais ao norte em
compara{\c{c}}{\~a}o ao ano adiantado. Assim, verificou-se
redu{\c{c}}{\~a}o do LE e aumento do fluxo de calor
sens{\'{\i}}vel (H) e da temperatura de superf{\'{\i}}cie no
centro-leste da AS no ano atrasado. Al{\'e}m disso, a
configura{\c{c}}{\~a}o de um padr{\~a}o de bloqueio
atmosf{\'e}rico, em setembro entre 40-60°S e 60-30°W, foi
importante para o atraso do in{\'{\i}}cio da esta{\c{c}}{\~a}o
chuvosa. Em seguida, foram realizados experimentos com o
IBISOFFLINE utilizando dois mapas de vegeta{\c{c}}{\~a}o: um
natural, e um que considera a degrada{\c{c}}{\~a}o de biomas
naturais, especialmente do Cerrado e da Mata Atl{\^a}ntica.
Verificou-se que a degrada{\c{c}}{\~a}o dos biomas naturais,
principalmente no centro-leste da AS promoveu a
redu{\c{c}}{\~a}o da umidade do solo, o aumento do albedo em
at{\'e} 8% e consequentemente a redu{\c{c}}{\~a}o tanto do
saldo de radia{\c{c}}{\~a}o quanto de H e LE. As
altera{\c{c}}{\~o}es devido {\`a} atualiza{\c{c}}{\~a}o do
mapa de vegeta{\c{c}}{\~a}o, resultou na redu{\c{c}}{\~a}o das
diferen{\c{c}}as entre os anos adiantado e atrasado. O feedback
para a atmosfera devido {\`a} degrada{\c{c}}{\~a}o da
vegeta{\c{c}}{\~a}o foi verificado a partir dos experimentos com
o BAM 3D na {\'a}rea que sofreu maior degrada{\c{c}}{\~a}o da
vegeta{\c{c}}{\~a}o (15-25°S e 40-50°W). Em SON, a
degrada{\c{c}}{\~a}o da vegeta{\c{c}}{\~a}o resultou na
redu{\c{c}}{\~a}o (aumento) da precipita{\c{c}}{\~a}o, do
balan{\c{c}}o de radia{\c{c}}{\~a}o, do balan{\c{c}}o de
energia, da {\'a}gua precipit{\'a}vel, da diverg{\^e}ncia em
850 hPa e da temperatura a 2m (da press{\~a}o, da
diverg{\^e}ncia em 200 hPa e da magnitude do vento em 850 hPa)
para os tr{\^e}s anos selecionados. J{\'a} em DJF, no ano
adiantado, verificou-se que apesar do aumento da converg{\^e}ncia
em 850 hPa e da {\'a}gua precipit{\'a}vel favorecerem a
condi{\c{c}}{\~a}o para forma{\c{c}}{\~a}o de nuvens, a
redu{\c{c}}{\~a}o do movimento ascendente e da diverg{\^e}ncia
em 200 hPa, promoveram a redu{\c{c}}{\~a}o da
precipita{\c{c}}{\~a}o. No ano atrasado, o aumento da
press{\~a}o e da magnitude do vento favoreceu uma
condi{\c{c}}{\~a}o de atmosfera mais est{\'a}vel com menos
precipita{\c{c}}{\~a}o em compara{\c{c}}{\~a}o aos demais
anos. Conclui-se que a atualiza{\c{c}}{\~a}o do mapa de
vegeta{\c{c}}{\~a}o (caracter{\'{\i}}sticas de
superf{\'{\i}}cie) promoveu altera{\c{c}}{\~o}es no
padr{\~a}o atmosf{\'e}rico de anos com in{\'{\i}}cio
adiantado, neutro e atrasado da esta{\c{c}}{\~a}o chuvosa.
ABSTRACT: This study aimed to contribute to the understanding of
the biosphereatmosphere interactions associated with the rainy
season onset in South America (SA). The objective was to evaluate
how the physical surface processes are affected by variations in
the rainy season onset date in SA, and what is the atmospheric
response to vegetation cover changes in years characterized by the
early, neutral and late rainy season onset. The 2006, 2004 and
2008 years were selected as characterized by rainy season onset,
early, neutral and late in comparison to the climatological mean,
respectively. The atmospheric patterns observed in the early and
late years, affected the surface variables. In the early year, the
atmosphere had more humidity in the center-east of SA, where more
moisture flux and precipitation were observed. Therefore, there
was an increase in latent heat flux (LE) and Leaf Area Index in
this area. In the late year, precipitation was enhanced in the
northwest of the SA, and the South Atlantic Convergence Zone was
positioned further north compared to the early onset year. Thus,
there was a reduction in LE and an increase in the sensible heat
flux (H) and surface temperature in the center-east of the AS. In
addition, the configuration of an atmospheric blocking pattern, in
September between 40-60°S and 60-30°W, contributed to the rainy
season onset delay. Then, IBIS-OFFLINE experiments were performed
using two vegetation maps: one natural, and one that considered
the degradation of natural biomes, especially of the Cerrado and
the Atlantic Forest. It was found that the natural biomes
degradation, mainly in the central-east of SA, promoted the
reduction of soil moisture, the increase of albedo by up to 8%
and, consequently, the reduction of both the radiation budget, H
and LE. The changes due to the vegetation map update resulted in
the reduction of the differences between the early and late onset
years. The feedback to the atmosphere due to vegetation
degradation was verified with BAM 3D experiments, especially over
the area that suffered the most vegetation degradation (15-25°S
and 40-50°W). In SON, degradation resulted in a reduction
(increase) in precipitation, radiation and energy budget,
precipitable water, divergence at 850 hPa and temperature at 2m
(pressure, divergence at 200 hPa and magnitude of the wind at 850
hPa) at the three selected years. In the late year of DJF, it was
found that, despite the increase of convergence at 850 hPa and
precipitable water that could promote the cloud formation
condition, the reduction in both upward movement and divergence at
200 hPa, resulted in reduction of precipitation. In the late year,
the increase in pressure and magnitude of the wind promoted a more
stable atmosphere condition with less precipitation compared to
the other years. It was concluded that the vegetation map update
(surface characteristics) promoted changes in the atmospheric
pattern of years with early, neutral and late rainy season
onset.",
committee = "Coelho, Simone Marilene Sievert dos Santos (presidente) and
Cavalcanti, Iracema Fonseca de Albuquerque (orientadora) and
Kubota, Paulo Yoshio (orientador) and Coelho, Caio Augusto dos
Santos and C{\^a}ndido, Luiz Antonio",
englishtitle = "The rainy season onset in South America and associated atmospheric
and surface processes",
language = "pt",
pages = "177",
ibi = "8JMKD3MGP3W34R/44478D2",
url = "http://urlib.net/ibi/8JMKD3MGP3W34R/44478D2",
targetfile = "publicacao.pdf",
urlaccessdate = "09 maio 2024"
}